[SaifAli-S]

Describe your change:

• Add an algorithm?
• Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
• Documentation change?

Maths/NumberOfDigits.js previously implemented numberOfDigitsUsingLog as Math.floor(Math.log10(Math.abs(n))) + 1.

Because IEEE 754 double precision floats have a 53-bit mantissa, Math.log10(999999999999999) ($10^{15}-1$) evaluates to 15 instead of 14.9999.... This caused numberOfDigitsUsingLog(999999999999999) to return 16 instead of 15. Since $999999999999999 < \text{Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER}$ ($9007199254740991$), this was an unexpected calculation error for a safe integer.

This PR fixes the precision issue by checking power-of-ten bounds (Math.pow(10, digits - 1) and Math.pow(10, digits)), adds input validation (Number.isFinite), and adds unit test cases for $10^{15}-1$, $10^{15}$, and $10^{15}+1$ in Maths/test/NumberOfDigits.test.js.

Checklist:

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
• All new JavaScript files are placed inside an existing directory.
• All filenames should use the UpperCamelCase (PascalCase) style. There should be no spaces in filenames.
• All new algorithms have a URL in their comments that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 90.47619% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 85.92%. Comparing base (5c39e87) to head (44286c5).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
Maths/NumberOfDigits.js	90.47%	2 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##           master    #2029   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   85.91%   85.92%           
=======================================
  Files         379      379           
  Lines       19778    19796   +18     
  Branches     3016     3023    +7     
=======================================
+ Hits        16993    17009   +16     
- Misses       2785     2787    +2     

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